移动端自动化测试实战：Appium、Maestro 与 Detox 选型指南

appId: com.example.app
---
- launchApp
- assertVisible: "Welcome"
- tapOn: "Login"

# test_shopping_flow.py
import unittest
from appium import webdriver
from appium.options.android import UiAutomator2Options
from appium.webdriver.common.appiumby import AppiumBy
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class ShoppingFlowTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # Android 设备配置
        options = UiAutomator2Options()
        options.platform_name = "Android"
        options.device_name = "Pixel_6_API_33"
        options.app_package = "com.example.shop"
        options.app_activity = ".MainActivity"
        options.automation_name = "UiAutomator2"
        options.no_reset = True  # 保留应用数据，加速测试

        self.driver = webdriver.Remote(
            "http://localhost:4723",
            options=options
        )
        self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 15)

    def tearDown(self):
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_complete_purchase_flow(self):
        driver = self.driver
        wait = self.wait

        # 1. 等待首页加载并搜索商品
        search_box = wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((AppiumBy.ACCESSIBILITY_ID, "search_input"))
        )
        search_box.send_keys("无线耳机")
        driver.press_keycode(66)  # Enter key

        # 2. 等待搜索结果列表，滚动到指定商品
        product_list = wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((AppiumBy.ID, "product_list"))
        )
        
        # 滚动直到找到目标商品
        target_product = None
        max_scrolls = 10
        for _ in range(max_scrolls):
            try:
                target_product = driver.find_element(
                    AppiumBy.XPATH, 
                    "//android.widget.TextView[@text='AirPods Pro 2']"
                )
                break
            except:
                # 执行向上滑动手势
                driver.swipe(500, 1500, 500, 500, 800)
        
        self.assertIsNotNone(target_product, "未找到目标商品")
        target_product.click()

        # 3. 商品详情页操作
        add_to_cart_btn = wait.until(
            EC.element_to_be_clickable((AppiumBy.ID, "add_to_cart_button"))
        )
        add_to_cart_btn.click()

        # 处理可能的弹窗
        try:
            confirm_btn = driver.find_element(AppiumBy.ID, "confirm_add")
            confirm_btn.click()
        except:
            pass

        # 4. 进入购物车并结算
        cart_icon = driver.find_element(AppiumBy.ACCESSIBILITY_ID, "cart_tab")
        cart_icon.click()

        checkout_btn = wait.until(
            EC.element_to_be_clickable((AppiumBy.ID, "checkout_button"))
        )
        checkout_btn.click()

        # 5. 填写订单信息
        address_input = wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((AppiumBy.ID, "address_field"))
        )
        address_input.send_keys("北京市朝阳区望京 SOHO")

        # 6. 提交订单并断言成功页
        submit_btn = driver.find_element(AppiumBy.ID, "submit_order")
        submit_btn.click()

        success_msg = wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((AppiumBy.ID, "order_success_message"))
        )
        self.assertEqual(success_msg.text, "订单提交成功")

        # 截图留存
        driver.save_screenshot("order_success.png")

    def test_pull_to_refresh(self):
        driver = self.driver
        
        # 下拉刷新手势
        driver.swipe(500, 800, 500, 1600, 600)
        
        # 验证刷新指示器出现
        refresh_indicator = driver.find_element(AppiumBy.ID, "refresh_spinner")
        self.assertTrue(refresh_indicator.is_displayed())

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

# flows/login.yaml - 可复用的登录子 Flow
appId: com.example.shop
---
- tapOn: "我的"
- tapOn: "登录/注册"
- inputText:
    label: "手机号"
    text: "13800138000"
- inputText:
    label: "验证码"
    text: "123456"
- tapOn: "登录"
- assertVisible: "欢迎回来"

# flows/shop_e2e.yaml - 主测试 Flow
appId: com.example.shop
---
# 启动应用
- launchApp:
    clearState: true

# 执行登录（复用子 Flow）
- runFlow: login.yaml

# 浏览并搜索商品
- tapOn: "首页"
- tapOn:
    id: "search_bar"
- inputText: "无线耳机"
- pressKey: Enter

# 等待搜索结果并选择商品（Maestro 自动处理等待）
- tapOn: "AirPods Pro 2"

# 商品详情页操作
- assertVisible: "商品详情"
- tapOn: "加入购物车"
- assertVisible: "已成功加入购物车"

# 进入购物车结算
- tapOn: "购物车"
- assertVisible: "AirPods Pro 2"
- tapOn: "去结算"

# 填写收货地址
- tapOn: "添加新地址"
- inputText:
    label: "收货人"
    text: "张三"
- inputText:
    label: "手机号码"
    text: "13800138000"
- inputText:
    label: "详细地址"
    text: "北京市朝阳区望京 SOHO T3"
- tapOn: "保存"

# 提交订单
- tapOn: "提交订单"
- assertVisible: "支付成功"
- takeScreenshot: order_success

# 返回个人中心验证订单记录
- tapOn: "我的"
- tapOn: "全部订单"
- assertVisible: "AirPods Pro 2"

# flows/network_conditions.yaml - 网络条件模拟
appId: com.example.shop
---
- launchApp

# 模拟飞行模式，验证离线提示
- setLocation:
    latitude: 39.9042
    longitude: 116.4074
- evalScript: ${output.network = offline}
- assertVisible: "网络连接异常，请检查网络设置"

# 恢复网络，验证自动重载
- evalScript: ${output.network = wifi}
- assertVisible: "首页推荐"

# 滑动操作
- swipe:
    direction: UP
    duration: 400
- swipe:
    direction: UP
    duration: 400

# 长按操作
- longPressOn:
    text: "收藏商品"
    duration: 1500

# macOS 安装
brew tap mobile-dev-inc/tap
brew install maestro

# 运行测试
maestro test flows/shop_e2e.yaml

# 生成 HTML 报告
maestro test flows/shop_e2e.yaml --format html --output report/

# 在特定设备上运行
maestro test flows/shop_e2e.yaml --device "Pixel 6 - Android 13"

{
  "detox": {
    "configurations": {
      "ios.sim.debug": {
        "device": "ios.simulator",
        "app": "ios.debug",
        "type": "ios.simulator",
        "device": {
          "type": "iPhone 14 Pro"
        }
      },
      "android.emu.debug": {
        "device": "android.emulator",
        "app": "android.debug",
        "type": "android.emulator",
        "device": {
          "avdName": "Pixel_6_API_33"
        }
      }
    },
    "apps": {
      "ios.debug": {
        "type": "ios.app",
        "binaryPath": "ios/build/Build/Products/Debug-iphonesimulator/ShopApp.app",
        "build": "xcodebuild -workspace ios/ShopApp.xcworkspace -scheme ShopApp -configuration Debug -sdk iphonesimulator -derivedDataPath ios/build"
      },
      "android.debug": {
        "type": "android.apk",
        "binaryPath": "android/app/build/outputs/apk/debug/app-debug.apk",
        "build": "cd android && ./gradlew assembleDebug assembleAndroidTest -DtestBuildType=debug"
      }
    }
  }
}

describe('Shopping Flow', () => {
  beforeAll(async () => {
    await device.launchApp({
      newInstance: true,
      permissions: { notifications: 'YES', location: 'always' }
    });
  });

  beforeEach(async () => {
    await device.reloadReactNative();
  });

  it('should complete a full purchase flow', async () => {
    // 1. 等待首页加载并完成搜索
    await waitFor(element(by.id('homeScreen'))).toBeVisible().withTimeout(5000);
    
    const searchInput = element(by.id('searchInput'));
    await searchInput.tap();
    await searchInput.typeText('无线耳机');
    await element(by.id('searchSubmit')).tap();

    // 2. 等待搜索结果并选择第一个商品
    await waitFor(element(by.id('productList'))).toBeVisible();
    const firstProduct = element(by.id('productItem_0'));
    await firstProduct.tap();

    // 3. 商品详情页验证和加入购物车
    await expect(element(by.id('productDetailScreen'))).toBeVisible();
    await expect(element(by.id('productName'))).toHaveText('AirPods Pro 2');
    
    await element(by.id('addToCartButton')).tap();
    await expect(element(by.label('已成功加入购物车'))).toBeVisible();

    // 4. 进入购物车并结算
    await element(by.id('cartTab')).tap();
    await expect(element(by.id('cartScreen'))).toBeVisible();
    await expect(element(by.text('AirPods Pro 2'))).toBeVisible();

    await element(by.id('checkoutButton')).tap();

    // 5. 填写订单地址
    await element(by.id('addressInput')).typeText('北京市朝阳区望京 SOHO');
    await element(by.id('phoneInput')).typeText('13800138000');
    
    // 收起键盘
    await element(by.id('scrollView')).tap({ x: 5, y: 5 });
    
    await element(by.id('submitOrderButton')).tap();

    // 6. 验证订单成功
    await waitFor(element(by.id('successScreen'))).toBeVisible().withTimeout(10000);
    await expect(element(by.id('successMessage'))).toHaveText('订单提交成功！');

    // 截图留存
    await device.takeScreenshot('order_success');
  });

  it('should handle pull-to-refresh on product list', async () => {
    await element(by.id('homeTab')).tap();
    await waitFor(element(by.id('productList'))).toExist();

    // 执行下拉刷新手势
    await element(by.id('productList')).swipe('down', 'fast', 0.5);

    // 验证刷新指示器出现并消失
    await waitFor(element(by.id('refreshIndicator'))).toBeVisible();
    await waitFor(element(by.id('refreshIndicator'))).not.toBeVisible().withTimeout(5000);
    
    // 验证列表数据已更新（通过检查时间戳或计数）
    await expect(element(by.id('productList'))).toBeVisible();
  });

  it('should validate form input errors', async () => {
    await element(by.id('profileTab')).tap();
    await element(by.id('editProfileButton')).tap();

    // 清空必填字段并直接提交
    const emailInput = element(by.id('emailInput'));
    await emailInput.clearText();
    await element(by.id('saveProfileButton')).tap();

    // 验证错误提示
    await expect(element(by.text('邮箱格式不正确'))).toBeVisible();
    
    // 输入有效邮箱后错误消失
    await emailInput.typeText('user@example.com');
    await element(by.id('saveProfileButton')).tap();
    await expect(element(by.text('邮箱格式不正确'))).not.toExist();
  });
});

# test_browserstack.py
from appium import webdriver
from appium.options.android import UiAutomator2Options
import os

# BrowserStack 配置
options = UiAutomator2Options()
options.platform_name = "Android"
options.platform_version = "13.0"
options.device_name = "Samsung Galaxy S23"
options.app = "bs://<uploaded-app-url>"
options.automation_name = "UiAutomator2"
options.set_capability('bstack:options', {
    "userName": os.environ["BROWSERSTACK_USERNAME"],
    "accessKey": os.environ["BROWSERSTACK_ACCESS_KEY"],
    "projectName": "ShopApp E2E",
    "buildName": "release-2.4.0",
    "sessionName": "shopping_flow_test",
    "debug": True,
    "networkLogs": True,
    "video": True
})

driver = webdriver.Remote("http://hub.browserstack.com/wd/hub", options=options)

# 测试逻辑...
driver.quit()

# 将测试分为 4 个分片，每个分片在一台设备上运行
pytest test_shopping_flow.py -n 4 \
  --dist loadfile \
  --reruns 2 \
  --html=report.html

# .github/workflows/mobile-test.yml 片段
strategy:
  matrix:
    shard: [1, 2, 3, 4]
    device: ["Pixel_6", "Samsung_S23", "iPhone_14"]
steps:
  - name: Run Tests
    run: |
      pytest test_shopping_flow.py \
        --shard-id=${{ matrix.shard }} \
        --total-shards=4 \
        --device=${{ matrix.device }}

# .github/workflows/mobile-ci.yml
name: Mobile E2E Tests

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  build-and-test:
    runs-on: macos-latest  # macOS 支持 iOS 模拟器 + Android 模拟器
    
    strategy:
      matrix:
        platform: [ios, android]

    steps:
      - name: Checkout Code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '18'
          cache: 'npm'

      - name: Install Dependencies
        run: npm ci

      - name: Setup Java (Android)
        if: matrix.platform == 'android'
        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
        with:
          java-version: '17'
          distribution: 'temurin'

      - name: Setup Android SDK
        if: matrix.platform == 'android'
        uses: android-actions/setup-android@v3

      - name: Start Android Emulator
        if: matrix.platform == 'android'
        uses: reactivecircus/android-emulator-runner@v2
        with:
          api-level: 33
          arch: x86_64
          profile: pixel_6
          script: |
            adb wait-for-device
            adb shell input keyevent 82
            npm run test:e2e:android

      - name: Setup iOS Simulator
        if: matrix.platform == 'ios'
        run: |
          xcrun simctl boot "iPhone 14 Pro" || true
          xcrun simctl list devices

      - name: Build and Test iOS
        if: matrix.platform == 'ios'
        run: |
          cd ios && pod install
          npm run test:e2e:ios

      - name: Upload Test Artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: always()
        with:
          name: test-results-${{ matrix.platform }}
          path: |
            artifacts/screenshots/
            artifacts/videos/
            test-results/

      - name: Upload Coverage
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
        with:
          files: coverage/lcov.info
          flags: e2e-${{ matrix.platform }}

# performance/test_startup.py
import pytest
import time
from appium import webdriver
from appium.options.android import UiAutomator2Options

class TestStartupPerformance:
    @pytest.fixture
    def driver(self):
        options = UiAutomator2Options()
        options.app_package = "com.example.shop"
        options.app_activity = ".SplashActivity"
        options.no_reset = False  # 冷启动
        
        driver = webdriver.Remote("http://localhost:4723", options=options)
        yield driver
        driver.terminate_app("com.example.shop")
        driver.quit()

    def test_cold_start_time(self, driver):
        start = time.time()
        
        # 等待首页完全加载的判断标识
        driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        home_element = driver.find_element(
            AppiumBy.ID, "home_content_loaded"
        )
        
        cold_start_ms = (time.time() - start) * 1000
        
        print(f"Cold start time: {cold_start_ms:.0f}ms")
        assert cold_start_ms < 3000, f"冷启动时间 {cold_start_ms:.0f}ms 超过 3000ms 阈值"

    def test_warm_start_time(self, driver):
        # 首次启动后回到后台
        driver.press_keycode(3)  # Home 键
        time.sleep(1)
        
        # 重新启动（Warm start）
        start = time.time()
        driver.activate_app("com.example.shop")
        
        driver.find_element(AppiumBy.ID, "home_content_loaded")
        warm_start_ms = (time.time() - start) * 1000
        
        print(f"Warm start time: {warm_start_ms:.0f}ms")
        assert warm_start_ms < 1500, f"温启动时间 {warm_start_ms:.0f}ms 超过 1500ms 阈值"

# performance/test_resource_usage.py
def get_memory_info(driver, package_name):
    """通过 adb 获取应用内存使用情况"""
    output = driver.execute_script(
        "mobile: shell",
        {
            "command": "dumpsys meminfo",
            "args": [package_name]
        }
    )
    # 解析 PSS（Proportional Set Size）
    for line in output.split('\n'):
        if 'TOTAL PSS' in line:
            pss_kb = int(line.split()[2])
            return pss_kb
    return None

def test_memory_leak_during_navigation(self, driver):
    """模拟反复导航，检测内存泄漏"""
    base_memory = get_memory_info(driver, "com.example.shop")
    
    # 反复打开和关闭商品详情页
    for i in range(10):
        driver.find_element(AppiumBy.ID, "product_0").click()
        time.sleep(1)
        driver.back()
        time.sleep(0.5)
    
    final_memory = get_memory_info(driver, "com.example.shop")
    memory_growth = final_memory - base_memory
    
    print(f"Memory growth after 10 navigations: {memory_growth} KB")
    assert memory_growth < 50 * 1024, f"内存增长 {memory_growth}KB 超过 50MB，可能存在内存泄漏"

def test_scroll_fps(self, driver):
    """测试滑动场景下的帧率稳定性"""
    # 启用 GPU 渲染分析
    driver.execute_script(
        "mobile: shell",
        {"command": "dumpsys gfxinfo", "args": ["com.example.shop", "reset"]}
    )
    
    # 执行 5 秒的持续滑动
    for _ in range(25):
        driver.swipe(500, 1500, 500, 500, 200)
        time.sleep(0.2)
    
    # 收集帧率数据
    output = driver.execute_script(
        "mobile: shell",
        {"command": "dumpsys gfxinfo", "args": ["com.example.shop"]}
    )
    
    # 解析 janky frames 数据
    janky_percent = parse_janky_frames(output)
    print(f"Janky frames: {janky_percent:.1f}%")
    
    assert janky_percent < 5, f"掉帧率 {janky_percent:.1f}% 超过 5%，存在流畅度问题"